ABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATION: In 2001, the Indian Pediatric Nephrology Group formulated guidelines for management of patients with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome. In view of emerging scientific evidence, it was felt necessary to review the existing recommendations. PROCESS: Following a preliminary meeting in March 2007, a draft statement was prepared and circulated among pediatric nephrologists in the country to arrive at a consensus on the evaluation and management of these patients. OBJECTIVES: To revise and formulate recommendations for management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome. RECOMMENDATIONS: The need for adequate cortico-steroid therapy at the initial episode is emphasized. Guidelines regarding the initial evaluation, indications for renal biopsy and referral to a pediatric nephrologist are updated. It is proposed that patients with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome should, at the first instance, be treated with long-term, alternate-day prednisolone. The indications for use of alternative immunosuppressive agents, including levamisole, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin are outlined. The principles of dietary therapy, management of edema, and prevention and management of complications related to nephrotic syndrome are described. These guidelines, formulated on basis of current best practice, are aimed to familiarize physicians regarding management of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Humans , Levamisole/therapeutic use , Mycophenolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Nephrotic Syndrome/drug therapy , Nutritional Status , Prednisolone/therapeutic use , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Recurrence , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
Senior-Loken syndrome is a rare entity that combines familial juvenile nephronophthisis with retinal dystrophy. The eye disease may be congenital amaurosis of Leber type or pigmentary retinal degeneration and electroretinogram (ERG) helps in the diagnosis of these varieties. The disease progresses inexorably to chronic renal failure. Here is a case of twins with Senior-Loken syndrome emphasizing the importance of ophthalmic examination in children with renal failure, for determining a correct diagnosis.